As it becomes clearer and clearer that none of the 14 million jobs in the broad automobile industry will remain unaffected by the transition to e-mobility, less attention has been paid to what would happen if Europe’s car industry failed to keep pace with the global competition in fast-evolving zero... Find out more

It is widely accepted that the pursuit of economic growth is becoming increasingly infeasible and undesirable, necessitating substantial changes to European economies. European economic activity in terms of emissions, resource use, pollution and impacts on biodiversity is ecologically unsustainable... Find out more

Notwithstanding increasing policy and academic debate around the ‘twin’ digital and ecological transitions, there is no systematic assessment of their linkages, potential synergies and trade-offs. Most fundamentally, the full extent of challenges that their interaction poses for the prospects of a... Find out more

Between 1990 and 2019, the European transport sector was expected to reduce its CO2 emissions by 40 per cent to keep track with the 100 per cent CO2 reduction target on the 1990 level set by the European Commission for 2050. But, in fact, the transport sector has increased its CO2 emissions by 32... Find out more

Just transition is becoming an increasingly popular concept to address the social consequences of industrial decarbonization, which EU countries have committed to pursue through the European Green Deal. These consequences include increasing redundancies – especially in carbon-intensive firms – and... Find out more

The main aim of the analysis is to provide evidence on the labour market and economic impacts of different decarbonisation pathways for the basic metals, chemicals and minerals sector, as a part of EII, and for the wider economy, considering also the expected effects of a carbon border adjustment... Find out more

This battery study analyses the ramping-up of lithium-ion battery cell production in Europe. It outlines lithium-ion battery technology, the value chain, location factors, the innovation system and the employment effects. The report aims to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and... Find out more

Policy recommendations Latin America will be amongst the regions most affected by climate change. Nevertheless, countries in this region strongly rely on resource extraction and carbon-intensive activities for economic development. Robust green and just-transition policies are crucial to achieving... Find out more

Pension policy has gone through an intense period of reform over the past few decades. However, further changes are likely to take place in the near future. Major global trends, not only population ageing but also globalisation, technological innovation and climate change, are going to shape socio... Find out more

The European Green Deal sets out very ambitious goals for the EU. Carbon neutrality should be reached in 2050. The intermediate goal is a reduction in CO2 emissions of 55 per cent by 2030 compared with the 2005 level. In July 2021, the European Commission delivered the ‘Fit for 55’ package, which... Find out more